An Analysis of Word-Formation Process Used in Students’ Writing at Eighth Grade of Smp Muhammadiyah Mandau

Language is related to word formation processes because it is the process of creating new words and new uses of the old words and also how new words are being formed. This research was about word formation processes used in students ‟ writing at Eighth Grade of SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau. The aims of this thesis were to classify and analyze the word formation process used in students ‟ writing and also to find out the kinds of word formation processes the most dominant one. The researcher used descriptive qualitative method, in which the data were words that contain word formation processes used in students ‟ writing. The data were analyzed applying the theory of word formation processes by Yule (2010). The researcher took 10 students ‟ writing as the data. The result of this research, there were 8 types of word formation processes were found in students ‟ writing. They were borrowing, coinage, compounding, acronym, clipping, inflection and derivation. In finding the most dominant type of word formation processes was inflection (34.61%) then followed by compounding (22.07%), derivation (15.38%), borrowing (11.54%), acronym (7.7%), clipping (3.85

Language is related to word formation processes because it is the process of creating new words and new uses of the old words and also how new words are being formed.This research was about word formation processes used in students" writing at Eighth Grade of SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau.The aims of this thesis were to classify and analyze the word formation process used in students" writing and also to find out the kinds of word formation processes the most dominant one.The researcher used descriptive qualitative method, in which the data were words that contain word formation processes used in students" writing.The data were analyzed applying the theory of word formation processes by Yule (2010).The researcher took 10 students" writing as the data.The result of this research, there were 8 types of word formation processes were found in students" writing.They were borrowing, coinage, compounding, acronym, clipping, inflection and derivation.In finding the most dominant type of word formation processes was inflection (34.61%) then followed by compounding (22.07%), derivation (15.38%), borrowing (11.54%), acronym (7.7%), clipping (3.85%) and the last coinage (3.85%).As the conclusion, the process of inflection was the most dominant process that was found in students" writing.It was 34.61% of total words.It meant that the students used inflection to show plural or singular and tenses.

Introduction
Writing is one of productive skills in English that must be learned by students.Many students consider writing to be the most difficult subject to learn since a good writing not only requires the writer to communicate his/her ideas into writing but also demands him/her to be proficient in grammar, vocabulary, and mechanics.Although writing is very complex, students should be able to produce a good writing because the ability to write well-organized and concise text is very crucial to students" success in almost subject course.Syafi'i (2007:6) states that writing is a "process", not a "product".It means that a piece of writing whether it is a composition of English class, it is possible to review and revise and review and revise again.In Junior High School students, writing skill is the combination of both process and product.
The processes are including choosing, drafting, revising, until publishing and product deals with any kind of writing product.Writing becomes an important skill which should be mastered by the students because this skill is demanded in every learning activity in the classroom.In Junior High School, writing is included in every activities of teaching learning process, for example in doing tasks and examinations.Then, the Junior High School students usually should create such kind of tasks that demand their writing skill, so that the students should learn writing correctly and effectively.
In writing, the students have to think some aspects to make a good writing.They are coherent and cohesion.Firstly coherent aspect is about the sequence of ideas compiled to organize paragraphs so that the readers do not miss the idea and they easily understand the ideas.Further, topics given must be well developed.To start developing the topic students should generate topic sentence.Then, students decide the supporting ideas and supporting details.As the final student decide the conclusion.Thus, reader can identify the purpose, and message implied in a good organization.Cohesion aspect relates to the grammatical pattern of the sentences.This refers to writer's orientation to arrange sentences, phrase, punctuation, and even word choice.One should realize that writing needs a long process to be.
The products in writing have contributed to new words in English.Sometimes we find a new word, and we do not know the meaning, it makes us open dictionary.But, there are some step we do before we look up in dictionary.According to McCarthy (2007) when we listen to or read English it is sometimes possible to guess the meaning of a word that we do not before we look up or ask its meaning.We need to decide first what part of speech the word is and then look for clues in its context or form.It is all covers on word-formation processes.
In linguistics, word formation is included in morphology field.Anderson (2010) states morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies of the forms of words, and the ways in which word are related to other words of the same language.Formal differences among words serve a variety of purposes, from a creation of new lexical items to the indication of grammatical structure.Morphology is divided into several types, depending on the role played in grammar by a given formation.The most basic division is between inflection and word formation.Word formation is specifically formed words with the certain processes.
According to Yule (2006) word formation processes as a way of forming and creating new words from the use of old words.It is stated that there many types of word formation processes.There are coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation, prefix and suffix, and multiple processes.In the process of word formation, there are explore some of the basic processes by which new words are created specifically for derivation.Based on the explanation above, the researcher applied a morphological analysis on word formation especially related to English language in students" writing as a title of this research.The researcher focused on word formation process in students" writing at eighth grade of SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau.Moreover, the researcher will use Yule"s theory about word formation process in students" writing.Based on the explanation above the researcher is interested to conduct a research entitled "An Analysis of Word Formation Process in students" writing at eighth grade of SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau.".

Design of the Research
This research was a descriptive qualitative research that consists of one variable.According to Fraenkel (2009) qualitative research is a research studies that investigate the quality of relationships, activities, situations, or materials.It means that it used to examine questions that can best the answered by verbally describing how describing how participant in this study perceive and various aspects of their environment.This method intends to describe everything about word formation in students' writing.

Population and Sample
The data of this research were the words that taken from students" writing which gotten from the students of SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau.The researchers choose the students at eighth grade.The researcher used total sampling.According to Fraenkel (2009) total sampling is a type of sampling where researcher took all the number of population become sampling.The sampling will be used for the research without additional requirements.The researcher observed and analyzed the students' writing.The researcher observed 10 students at eighth grade of SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau.

Instrumentation
To collect the data researcher used the students" writing as the instrumentation of this research.The writing was gotten from the eighth grade of SMP Muhammdiyah Mandau.The researcher analyzed and categorized the word formation process of students' writing.

Technique of the Data Collection
In this research, the researcher used some steps to collect the data.The procedures of collecting data in this research presented in chronological as follows: a.The researcher came to school and asked permission from the principle and English teacher at the eighth grade of SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau.
b.The researcher asked the students to write about recount text relate to their experience.
c.The researcher would read and analyze the writing from the students.
d.The researcher identified the word contained word formation process.The researcher collected the word in the table.

Technique of the Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the researcher used the descriptive qualitative method to elaborate the word formation processes of the students" writing.The technique of analyzing data refers to Miles and Huberman (2014) as follow:

Borrowing
Borrowing is the process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another.Borrowing typically is the adoption of individual words or even large sets of vocabulary items from another language Foreign words always borrow from other languages, especially to acompany new ideas, inventions, products and so on.The researcher finds some kinds of borrowing that is used in students" writing.Here are the explanations : The word shubuh is borrowed from Arabic word.Shubuh is one of the obligatory prayers of the five daily prayers performed by Muslims from dawn to sunrise.The shubuh prayer is preceded by the sunnah prayer of 2 rakaat.This word can be found in students" writing.

b. Isya
The word Isya is borrowed from Arabic word.Isya is one of the five daily prayers performed by Muslims after the red clouds on the western horizon disappear until the sun rises.This prayer consists of 4 rakaat.This word can be found in students" writing.

c. Zhuhur
The word Zhuhur is borrowed from Arabic word.Zhuhur is one of the five daily prayers that are performed after the sun has downed until the evening.This prayer consists of 4 rak'ahs.Zuhur prayer is the second daily prayer in Islam, performed after the sun has downed until the evening.

Coinage
Coinage is words may also be created without using any of the methods described above and without employing any other word or word parts already in existance.O" Grady and Guzman (2006:160) state that "coinage" or "manufacture" is a new word created from names.On the other hand, Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly nothing.
It was idenotified as the word formation process of inventing entirely new words.This is a very rare and uncommon method to create new words, but in the media, people try to outdo each other with more and better words to name their products.Often these trademark names are adopted by the masses and they become ''everyday words of language''.Also coinage refers to extension of a name of a product from a specific reference to a more general one.

Compounding
Compounding is a process of word formation in which two different words are joined together to form a new meaning.compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stem.Compounding, composition or nominal composition is the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes.Compounding occurs when two or more words or signs are joined to make a longer word or sign.The categories of the word are noun, adjective, and verb.

Acronym
Acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a longer name or phrase.Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words Initialization is another reduction process where each letter on the word is pronounced (Hatch and Brown;2005:120).Acronym usually is a pronounceable word formed from the first letter (or first few letters) of each word in a phrase or title.The newly combined letters create a new word that becomes a part of everyday language.Using shortened forms of words or phrases can speed up communication.

Blending
Blending is a combination of the parts of two words, usually the beginning of the word and the end of another.In this research, the writer finds only one word categorized as blending.In this research, the researcher did not find the blending in students" writing.So, the researcher could not analyze the blending in this research.

Clipping
Cliping is the formation process which is shortening or reducing language word in order to create a new word.It also called as truncation or shortening, is word formation by removing some segments of an existing word to create a synonym.

Back Formation
Back formation is a process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affix from another word in language.In this research, the writer does not find the word categorized as backformation word.

Conversion
Conversion is a process which allows us to create additional lexical items out of those that already exist.In this research, the researcher did not find the word categorized as conversion word.
3.1.9.Inflection Inflection is the process of forming words by adding affixes inflection on the word without changing the word class and without changing the meaning of the word.Inflection refers to a process of word formation in which items are added to the base form of a word to express grammatical meanings.

Derivation
Derivation is a process of word formation by adding affixes and it changes the word class or meaning.It is a bound morpheme that changes the form of the word classes in a sentence.It is divided into two categories, the prefixes derivation and suffixes derivation.This findings of the analysis showed that researcher analyzed some words that contain word formation process, which classified in seven types they are borrowing, coinage, compounding, acronym, clipping, inflection andderivation.Those types are found in students" writing.This analysis not only mention the types of word formation process in found in students" writing, the researcher also classified the most dominant of word formation process that used in students" writing.From the analysis of word formation processes used in students" writing at SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau, it is found that there are 26 words categorized as word formation process that were found in students" writing.Futhermore, there are seven processes of word formation that exist in those term.From the data above, we can conclude that inflection is the most dominant used in students" writing.It has 34.61% of the total terms.There are 9 words of word formation that undergo the process of inflection.There are some terms which undergo other word formation processes, namely compounding 23.07%, Derivation 15.38%, borrowing 11.54%, Acronym 7.7%, coinage 3.85% and clipping 3.85%.

Conclusion
After analyzing the data, the researcher can conclude several things: 1) There are seven strategies of word formation process, which used in students" writing at Eighth Grade of SMP Muhammadiyah Mandau.They are borrowing, coinage, compounding, acronym, clipping, inflection, and derivation.2) Based on the findings, there are 26 word formation process that are found in students" writing.The researcher found 3 words that exist the process of borrowing, 1 words that exist the process of coinage, 6 words that exist the process of compounding, 2 words that exist the process of acronym, 1 word that exist the process of clipping, 9 words that exist the process of inflection, and 4 words that exist the process of derivation.Based on the research, the process of inflection is the most dominant process that is found in students" writing.It takes 34.61% of total words.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Models a. Front clipped words: Such words are formed by clipping front part of a larger word or phrase.In front clipping, the end of the word is retained.b.Back clipped words: Such words are formed by clipping back part of a larger word or phrase.In back clipping, the beginning of the word is retained.c.Middle clipped words: Such words are formed by clipping both front and back parts of a larger word or phrase.In middle clipping, the middle of the word is retained.

Table 1 .
Borrowing used in Students' Writing